Frequently Asked Questions About Pottery Kilns
(Information provided by Skutt Kilns)

How Much Does It Cost to Fire My Kiln?


It is good business to know your costs. Firing costs have always been somewhat of a mystery to many ceramic artists. While there are many variables that can affect the cost, the calculation is actually fairly easy. The new Skutt controller will actually calculate it for you after each firing and if you have KilnLink, it will automatically store those costs on your own personal page. If you are working with an older kiln and do not have this feature you can easily calculate it using this formula.

KW Rating of Kiln x Length of Firing (Hours) x $/KW/Hr x Adjustment Factor = Cost of Firing

Example: KM1231PK 208V 1 PH kiln firing a Medium Speed ConeFire Mode Program to Cone 6 using a USA average electrical rate of $0.12 KW/Hr and a load 100 lbs in the kiln.

16.64 x 8.47 x .12 x .5 = $8.45

So $8.45 to fire one of our largest kilns with a full load to CONE 6! A lot less than most people think. A model 818 fired to Cone 06 was only $2.83. Now I know that a lot of you are pretty observant and are going “hey. what is this mysterious Adjustment Factor?” In order to better understand this we need to look a little closer at all of the variables individually. You will see why this number is a sort of best guess due to the variability of variables.

Wattage
This one is pretty straight forward. If you look on the serial plate on your control box one of the pieces of data is the Wattage rating of the kiln. This is the amount of energy that particular model uses when it is brand new and on 100% of the time for 1 hour. Since you are charged in Kilowatt hours, and this number on the control box is listed in wattage hours, you need to divide this number by 1000 before plugging it into the formula.

As your elements age they lose some of their power so this number will slowly drop as your elements age. This number is also based on having the exact voltage of the rating of the kiln available, under load (while kiln is on), during the entire firing. The odds of this happening is pretty slim, but if you installed the kiln correctly, it should be close. Here are some of the things that can affect your wattage:

Low Voltage Caused by Undersized Wire or Undersized Transformer (you live at the end of a country road)
Low Voltage Caused by Over Use of the Power Grid (everyone using their air conditioning on a hot summer day)
Worn Out Elements

Firing Times
There are many things that can affect the time amount of time it takes your kiln to fire a particular program. The good news is that the kiln keeps track of this and tells you how long it took after every firing. You will notice that this number will vary. Just because you tell the kiln to follow a particular program, does not mean it is capable of following the program throughout the entire firing. Because of this, the firing times will vary on the same program. Here are a few things that can affect your firing times:

The Size of the Kiln Load
The Temperature You Are Firing To
The Temperature of the Kiln Room

Price of Electricity
The cost of electricity varies all over the nation. It is usually affected by the amount of locally generated power available to a given population. Because some areas have less than power than they would like, they ration it out by charging different rates based on when you use it or what type of consumer you are. You may want to see if you get lower rates if you fire at night. If you are estimating the cost of firing your kiln in a commercial building, be sure to use the rate listed on the businesses energy bill and not your one at home. Rates can vary between $0.08 (Washington) and $0.38 (Hawaii) per kilowatt hour with the USA average being at $0.12/KW/HR for residential and $0.10 for commercial.

Adjustment Factor
The nice thing about the new Cost calculation feature in the new KilnMaster Controller (manufactured after July 2012), is that it actually calculates how long the elements are actually on. As you probably know from hearing the relays clicking, they cycle on and off to achieve the correct firing rate. The frequency of this cycling will depend on the program entered and the ability of the kiln to follow the program entered. Programs that have fast firing rates or that approach the maximum temperature rating of the kiln will generally require the relays to stay on longer. Conversely, programs with extended hold times will require less “on time” for the relays. Obviously when your relays shut off power to the elements, you are not incurring any cost so this “off time” needs to be accounted for. We have found that a good estimate, across the range of ConeFire Mode programs, is 50%.

What Temperature Should I Fire My Bisque?

If you are using low fire clay and glazes and want some good advice on what temperature to fire your bisque, read this article by Artist/Instructor David Gamble

Here is a great article by David Gamble talking about bisque.

I Am In a Hurry..Can I Use the Fast Speed in ConeFire Mode?

NO!!!!!!!!!!! Ok..sorry for yelling. The Fast speed is just for lower temperature firings like Decals and Lusters. Now it is true that Potters have used the fast firing speed and have gotten away with it…but…is it really worth the risk to save a few hours?

Just think of how awful you would feel opening your kiln to find shards of ceramic pieces on the shelf. Then you have to clean out the whole kiln, and if pieces got on the elements and melted, you have to order new elements.

Stick with Slow for Bisque and Medium for Glaze firings and reduce your stress levels.

Can I Fire My Bisque and Glaze in One Firing?

This is done in industry and by experienced high fire potters. You may have heard the term “Monocotura” if you ever shopped for tile. This is an Italian term that literally means single fired. It generally is considered to be higher quality because the glaze bonds better to the clay. This works in industry because they have Ceramic Engineers controlling every step of the process from materials selection to glaze application to the firing process. In a studio setting, it could spell disaster. You will more than likely end up with a lot of glaze defects like pin holing. If something is going to blow up in the kiln, it is almost always going to happen during a bisque fire. Wouldn’t you rather this happen before you have glazed the pieces.

Do I Have to Be There While the Kiln is Firing?

Ultimately this is your decision to make. All manufacturers recommend that you are present when the kiln is scheduled to shut off. This is to make sure the kiln shuts off as expected to protect your ware and the interior of your kiln. Kilns are meant to contain heat so fire is not the issue. I don’t think you sit around and watch your furnace all night so why would you watch your kiln. Anyway, if your kiln is electrically sound (just like any other electrical machine, the room is secure from children and pets, and there is no combustible material in the room that is going to be blown against the kiln, it should be fine. If you want the piece of mind of being able to monitor your kiln from your smart phone check out KilnLink.
 

Can I Fuse Glass in My Ceramic Kiln?

As a matter of fact you can. For years it was believed that glass could only be fused in a kiln with elements in the lid. Artists worried that if you tried to fuse glass in a side-fired kiln the temperature difference between the edges of the glass near the elements, and the center of the glass would become to great and the piece would crack. We then found out that if you slow your firing program down you can keep this temperature difference to a minimum and the fused pieces came out just fine. When you fuse in a side fired kiln you have the advantage of being able to load pieces on multiple layers so you can fire an entire class’s projects at one time. Take a look at this article that tells you how to load and program your kilns for glass.

Fusing Glass in Your Ceramic Kiln
 

Can I Use My Kiln to Dry the Greenware Faster?

NO! Sorry, there I go yelling again. We are just trying to help you make your kiln last longer. The fact is, your kiln hates moisture. The moisture from the clay attacks anything that is metal in your kiln. This includes your bands, elements, thermocouple and hardware. If your kiln was made within the past 10 years you will notice the first question it asked you when you are programming is “How long do you want to Preheat?”. The Preheat feature is to be used to ensure small amounts of moisture left in the greenware is drawn out before the kiln reaches temperatures high enough to make cause the moisture to turn to steam and potentially damage the piece as it is released. A good rule of thumb is to hold the greenware up to your cheek. If it is cool, it still has moisture in it. If it is room temperature it is ready to be loaded.

What is the Purpose of a Hold Time in ConeFire Mode?

When you are entering a ConeFire program the last question it asked you is how long do you want to hold at peak temperature? A hold time can serve several purposes. probably the most important function of a hold time is to allow the kiln time to "balance out". If a kiln is loaded denser in a particular part of the kiln it can take a little longer for those pieces to reach temperature. A 5 minute hold time can give those pieces that are lagging behind time to catch up with the rest of the kiln and therefore "balance out". Remember, that a 5 minute hold is entered 00.05 not 05.00 (like your microwave). I 5 hour hold could ruin all of the pieces in your kiln. We rarely recommend entering a hold time in ConeFire Mode of more than 20 minutes.

How Much Can Fit in My Kiln?

This is a very common question that is not easily answered. When we are talking about kiln sizes, many factors come into play. Since everybody creates different sized pieces, the answer can vary from individual to individual. The best answer that we have found is in the PDF link below in David Gamble's "How Big is That Kiln?"

How Big is That Kiln PDF?